European government finances
Government spending and revenue in the EU
What governments spend, what they receive, and the balance between the two. Compare the size of public finances across Europe and follow how it changes over time.
Official Eurostat annual data · calculations by EU Debt Map · Reporting year: 2025
EU27 · Eurostat aggregate
- Government expenditure · % GDP
- 49.5% €9.32T
- Government revenue · % GDP
- 46.4% €8.74T
- Annual accounts balance · % GDP
- -3.1% -€577.71B
Compare the size and balance of public finances
The map and ranking show the selected GDP ratio. Select a country to compare expenditure, revenue and the fiscal balance together.
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- Below 35%
- 35% to below 45%
- 45% to below 55%
- 55% or more
- No data
Spending and revenue colours describe scale, not efficiency or fiscal health. For balances, −3% is the EU reference value, not an automatic legal verdict.
EU27 · Eurostat aggregate · 2025
- Expenditure / GDP
- 49.5%
- Revenue / GDP
- 46.4%
- Balance / GDP
- -3.1%
The EU benchmark uses Eurostat’s published EU27 total and GDP ratios, not a simple average of country percentages. It is not the budget of the EU institutions.
Netherlands · 2025
44.9%p
Expenditure / GDP
- Government expenditure
- 44.9%p€529.09Bp
- Government revenue
- 43.3%p€510.20Bp
- Annual accounts balance
- -1.6%p-€18.90Bp
- Difference from EU (pp) · Expenditure / GDP
- -4.6 ppp
- EU rank · Expenditure / GDP
- 19 / 27
Expenditure and revenue over time · Netherlands
2015–2025
Revenue − expenditure = net lending (+) / net borrowing (−). The balance shown here is the published B9 from the same annual accounts, not a subtraction of rounded percentages.
Netherlands: expenditure/GDP changed by +0.5 pp and revenue/GDP by -0.3 pp, from 2024 to 2025.
- Government expenditure
- Government revenue
Expenditure and revenue share one scale; the balance has its own scale and a zero line. Axes may start above or below zero. Gaps and marked breaks are not connected. Exact amounts, ratios and source flags are in the table.
View all annual figures
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| Reporting year | Government expenditure (€) | Expenditure / GDP (%) | Government revenue (€) | Revenue / GDP (%) | Annual accounts balance (€) | Balance / GDP (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | €316,324,000,000 | 45.2% | €303,558,000,000 | 43.4% | -€12,766,000,000 | -1.8% |
| 2016 | €316,125,000,000 | 43.9% | €317,847,000,000 | 44.1% | €1,722,000,000 | 0.2% |
| 2017 | €320,928,000,000 | 42.7% | €331,188,000,000 | 44.1% | €10,260,000,000 | 1.4% |
| 2018 | €334,143,000,000 | 42.4% | €345,837,000,000 | 43.9% | €11,694,000,000 | 1.5% |
| 2019 | €349,457,000,000 | 42.1% | €365,187,000,000 | 44.0% | €15,730,000,000 | 1.9% |
| 2020 | €390,320,000,000 | 47.8% | €360,000,000,000 | 44.1% | -€30,320,000,000 | -3.7% |
| 2021 | €409,251,000,000 | 45.9% | €389,062,000,000 | 43.6% | -€20,189,000,000 | -2.3% |
| 2022 | €429,980,000,000 | 43.3% | €430,021,000,000 | 43.3% | €41,000,000 | 0.0% |
| 2023 | €462,169,000,000 | 44.0% | €458,557,000,000 | 43.7% | -€3,612,000,000 | -0.3% |
| 2024 | €497,477,000,000 | 44.4% | €489,402,000,000 | 43.6% | -€8,075,000,000 | -0.7% |
| 2025 | €529,090,000,000p | 44.9%p | €510,195,000,000p | 43.3%p | -€18,895,000,000p | -1.6%p |
On a small screen, swipe the table sideways for all columns.
Tap a country to view the other figures.
Compare the 27 national accounts
Highest selected values first; tied displayed values share a rank (1, 2, 2, 4). Searching preserves EU rank. Changes and differences use percentage points (pp). A high expenditure or revenue rank is not a quality score.
Countries shown: 27 / 27
| EU rank | Country | Expenditure / GDP (%)2025 | Revenue / GDP (%)2025 | Balance / GDP (%)2025 | Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%)2024 | Annual change (pp) | Difference from EU (pp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FinlandFI | 57.7% | 53.9% | -3.9% | 57.8% | -0.1 pp | +8.2 pp |
| 2 | FranceFR | 57.2% | 52.1% | -5.1% | 57.0% | +0.2 pp | +7.7 pp |
| 3 | AustriaAT | 55.2% | 51.0% | -4.2% | 55.3% | -0.1 pp | +5.7 pp |
| 4 | BelgiumBE | 54.2%p | 49.0%p | -5.2%p | 54.1%p | +0.1 ppp | +4.7 ppp |
| 5 | ItalyIT | 51.2% | 48.1% | -3.1% | 50.4% | +0.8 pp | +1.7 pp |
| 6 | PolandPL | 50.9% | 43.6% | -7.3% | 49.2% | +1.7 pp | +1.4 pp |
| 7 | GermanyDE | 50.5% | 47.9% | -2.7% | 49.4% | +1.1 pp | +1.0 pp |
| 8 | CroatiaHR | 50.1% | 47.1% | -3.0% | 48.4% | +1.7 pp | +0.6 pp |
| 9 | SwedenSE | 49.9% | 48.5% | -1.4% | 50.5% | -0.6 pp | +0.4 pp |
| 10 | SloveniaSI | 49.6% | 47.1% | -2.5% | 46.5% | +3.1 pp | +0.1 pp |
| 11 | LuxembourgLU | 49.1% | 47.1% | -2.0% | 46.8% | +2.3 pp | -0.4 pp |
| 12 | GreeceGR | 48.3% | 50.0% | 1.7% | 48.1% | +0.2 pp | -1.2 pp |
| 13 | DenmarkDK | 48.1% | 51.1% | 3.0% | 47.4% | +0.7 pp | -1.4 pp |
| 14 | SlovakiaSK | 47.9% | 43.5% | -4.5% | 47.4% | +0.5 pp | -1.6 pp |
| 15 | HungaryHU | 47.3% | 42.6% | -4.7% | 47.3% | 0.0 pp | -2.2 pp |
| 16 | LatviaLV | 46.1% | 43.6% | -2.5% | 45.3% | +0.8 pp | -3.4 pp |
| 17 | EstoniaEE | 45.4% | 43.4% | -2.0% | 44.0% | +1.4 pp | -4.1 pp |
| 18 | SpainES | 45.3% | 42.9% | -2.4% | 45.5% | -0.2 pp | -4.2 pp |
| 19 | NetherlandsNL | 44.9%p | 43.3%p | -1.6%p | 44.4% | +0.5 ppp | -4.6 ppp |
| 20 | RomaniaRO | 43.3% | 35.4% | -7.9% | 43.3% | 0.0 pp | -6.2 pp |
| 21 | CzechiaCZ | 43.2% | 41.0% | -2.1% | 43.2% | 0.0 pp | -6.3 pp |
| 22 | PortugalPT | 42.7% | 43.4% | 0.7% | 42.4% | +0.3 pp | -6.8 pp |
| 23 | BulgariaBG | 41.7% | 38.1% | -3.5% | 39.2% | +2.5 pp | -7.8 pp |
| 24 | LithuaniaLT | 41.2% | 39.4% | -1.8% | 39.4% | +1.8 pp | -8.3 pp |
| 25 | CyprusCY | 40.2% | 43.6% | 3.4% | 38.3% | +1.9 pp | -9.3 pp |
| 26 | MaltaMT | 37.0% | 34.8% | -2.2% | 37.2% | -0.2 pp | -12.5 pp |
| 27 | IrelandIE | 21.0% | 22.8% | 1.8% | 22.3% | -1.3 pp | -28.5 pp |
Government expenditure (% GDP) · 2025
1FinlandFI57.7%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 53.9%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -3.9%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 57.8%
- Annual change (pp)
- -0.1 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +8.2 pp
2FranceFR57.2%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 52.1%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -5.1%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 57.0%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.2 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +7.7 pp
3AustriaAT55.2%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 51.0%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -4.2%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 55.3%
- Annual change (pp)
- -0.1 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +5.7 pp
4BelgiumBE54.2%p
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 49.0%p
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -5.2%p
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 54.1%p
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.1 ppp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +4.7 ppp
5ItalyIT51.2%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 48.1%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -3.1%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 50.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.8 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +1.7 pp
6PolandPL50.9%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 43.6%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -7.3%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 49.2%
- Annual change (pp)
- +1.7 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +1.4 pp
7GermanyDE50.5%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 47.9%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.7%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 49.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +1.1 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +1.0 pp
8CroatiaHR50.1%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 47.1%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -3.0%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 48.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +1.7 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +0.6 pp
9SwedenSE49.9%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 48.5%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -1.4%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 50.5%
- Annual change (pp)
- -0.6 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +0.4 pp
10SloveniaSI49.6%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 47.1%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.5%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 46.5%
- Annual change (pp)
- +3.1 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- +0.1 pp
11LuxembourgLU49.1%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 47.1%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.0%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 46.8%
- Annual change (pp)
- +2.3 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -0.4 pp
12GreeceGR48.3%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 50.0%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- 1.7%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 48.1%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.2 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -1.2 pp
13DenmarkDK48.1%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 51.1%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- 3.0%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 47.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.7 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -1.4 pp
14SlovakiaSK47.9%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 43.5%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -4.5%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 47.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.5 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -1.6 pp
15HungaryHU47.3%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 42.6%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -4.7%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 47.3%
- Annual change (pp)
- 0.0 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -2.2 pp
16LatviaLV46.1%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 43.6%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.5%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 45.3%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.8 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -3.4 pp
17EstoniaEE45.4%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 43.4%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.0%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 44.0%
- Annual change (pp)
- +1.4 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -4.1 pp
18SpainES45.3%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 42.9%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.4%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 45.5%
- Annual change (pp)
- -0.2 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -4.2 pp
19NetherlandsNL44.9%p
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 43.3%p
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -1.6%p
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 44.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.5 ppp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -4.6 ppp
20RomaniaRO43.3%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 35.4%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -7.9%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 43.3%
- Annual change (pp)
- 0.0 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -6.2 pp
21CzechiaCZ43.2%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 41.0%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.1%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 43.2%
- Annual change (pp)
- 0.0 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -6.3 pp
22PortugalPT42.7%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 43.4%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- 0.7%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 42.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +0.3 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -6.8 pp
23BulgariaBG41.7%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 38.1%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -3.5%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 39.2%
- Annual change (pp)
- +2.5 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -7.8 pp
24LithuaniaLT41.2%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 39.4%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -1.8%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 39.4%
- Annual change (pp)
- +1.8 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -8.3 pp
25CyprusCY40.2%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 43.6%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- 3.4%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 38.3%
- Annual change (pp)
- +1.9 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -9.3 pp
26MaltaMT37.0%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 34.8%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- -2.2%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 37.2%
- Annual change (pp)
- -0.2 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -12.5 pp
27IrelandIE21.0%
- Revenue / GDP (%) · 2025
- 22.8%
- Balance / GDP (%) · 2025
- 1.8%
- Previous year · Expenditure / GDP (%) · 2024
- 22.3%
- Annual change (pp)
- -1.3 pp
- Difference from EU (pp)
- -28.5 pp
Source codes are retained: p = provisional, e = estimated, b = break in series, d = different definition. Calculations inherit source uncertainty. Changes crossing b/d flags are not shown; forecasts are excluded. Other supplied codes remain visible. Revisions are possible without a flag.
Read the two sides of government finances
What counts as expenditure?
The annual accounts cover the whole general government sector, including public services, benefits, investment and interest. The GDP ratio compares expenditure with the size of the economy; it is not the share of output produced by government or a measure of service quality.
Interest expenditure is already included in total expenditure. Do not add the interest figure again.
Compare government interest costs →What counts as revenue?
Revenue includes taxes, social contributions and other receipts. Borrowing is not government revenue. Spending above revenue produces a deficit; revenue above spending produces a surplus. Debt can also change through financial transactions and other adjustments.
Compare EDP budget balances →Official Eurostat annual data · calculations by EU Debt Map
Sources, calculations and reconciliation
Source: Eurostat, gov_10a_main. Visualisation and comparisons by EU Debt Map. Eurostat does not endorse this independent website.
- Eurostat
- gov_10a_main
- Historical coverage
- 2015–2025
- Updated by Eurostat
- Accessed
Annual ESA 2010 accounts (A), general government (S13), total expenditure (TE), total revenue (TR), and net lending/net borrowing (B9), in MIO_EUR and PC_GDP. The S13 totals are consolidated within government; summing its subsectors would double-count some flows.
Revenue − expenditure = net lending (+) / net borrowing (−). The balance shown here is the published B9 from the same annual accounts, not a subtraction of rounded percentages.
Euro amounts = MIO_EUR × 1,000,000. GDP ratios are published Eurostat values. Changes compare exact calendar years; EU gaps subtract the same-year official EU ratio. Calculated differences inherit source flags and are rounded only for display.
The EU benchmark uses Eurostat’s published EU27 total and GDP ratios, not a simple average of country percentages. It is not the budget of the EU institutions.
Amounts are nominal, without inflation adjustment. Eurostat converts annual national-currency flows using annual-average exchange rates; euro-area historical figures may use fixed conversion rates. Exchange rates can affect comparisons in euros.
— means missing or not comparable. A missing year is never replaced by a nearby year; changes across marked breaks are withheld.
Source codes are retained: p = provisional, e = estimated, b = break in series, d = different definition. Calculations inherit source uncertainty. Changes crossing b/d flags are not shown; forecasts are excluded. Other supplied codes remain visible. Revisions are possible without a flag.
Methodology · Eurostat
Before publication, revenue minus expenditure is checked against B9, allowing at most €1.5 million or 0.15 percentage points for the three independently rounded inputs. Official EU monetary totals are checked against the country sums. Published figures are never altered to force agreement.
An explicit refresh retrieves all six series together, with matching reporting periods and source update times. Country and EU coverage, units, flags, identities and revision safeguards are validated before replacing the local data. Normal visits and builds do not fetch live statistics.
- Government expenditure · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TE · unit=MIO_EUR · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Expenditure / GDP · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TE · unit=PC_GDP · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Government revenue · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=MIO_EUR · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Revenue / GDP · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=PC_GDP · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Annual accounts balance · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=B9 · unit=MIO_EUR · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Balance / GDP · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=B9 · unit=PC_GDP · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
Why can the deficit page show a different balance?
This page uses gov_10a_main annual accounts. The deficit page retains its separately dated gov_10dd_edpt1 EDP release. Eurostat notes that reporting times and GDP versions can differ. The entries below show the observed differences; they do not establish the reason for each country’s revision.
- Annual accounts · gov_10a_main · Updated by Eurostat
- 21 July 2026
- EDP · gov_10dd_edpt1 · Updated by Eurostat
- 21 October 2026
- Annual accounts · gov_10a_main · Accessed
- 6 September 2026
- EDP · gov_10dd_edpt1 · Accessed
- 21 October 2026
| Country | Reporting year | gov_10a_main (%) | gov_10dd_edpt1 (%) | Δ (pp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 2025 | -4.2% | -4.1% | -0.1 pp |
| Bulgaria | 2025 | -3.5% | -4.0% | +0.5 pp |
| Cyprus | 2025 | +3.4% | +3.6% | -0.2 pp |
| Czechia | 2025 | -2.1% | -2.2% | +0.1 pp |
| Denmark | 2025 | +3.0% | +2.9% | +0.1 pp |
| Finland | 2025 | -3.9% | -3.8% | -0.1 pp |
| Germany | 2025 | -2.7% | -2.9% | +0.2 pp |
| Greece | 2025 | +1.7% | +2.0% | -0.3 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2025 | -2.0% | -1.8% | -0.2 pp |
| Malta | 2025 | -2.2% | -2.1% | -0.1 pp |
| Poland | 2025 | -7.3% | -7.2% | -0.1 pp |
| Romania | 2025 | -7.9% | -7.8% | -0.1 pp |
| Slovakia | 2025 | -4.5% | -4.4% | -0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2025 | -1.4% | -1.6% | +0.2 pp |
All observed historical differences
| Country | Reporting year | gov_10a_main (%) | gov_10dd_edpt1 (%) | Δ (pp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 2025 | -4.2% | -4.1% | -0.1 pp |
| Bulgaria | 2025 | -3.5% | -4.0% | +0.5 pp |
| Croatia | 2017 | +0.6% | +0.5% | +0.1 pp |
| Croatia | 2019 | +0.2% | +0.1% | +0.1 pp |
| Croatia | 2023 | -1.1% | -1.2% | +0.1 pp |
| Croatia | 2024 | -2.3% | -2.5% | +0.2 pp |
| Cyprus | 2024 | +4.1% | +4.0% | +0.1 pp |
| Cyprus | 2025 | +3.4% | +3.6% | -0.2 pp |
| Czechia | 2022 | -3.1% | -3.0% | -0.1 pp |
| Czechia | 2025 | -2.1% | -2.2% | +0.1 pp |
| Denmark | 2024 | +4.2% | +4.1% | +0.1 pp |
| Denmark | 2025 | +3.0% | +2.9% | +0.1 pp |
| Estonia | 2022 | -0.9% | -1.0% | +0.1 pp |
| Estonia | 2024 | -1.1% | -1.6% | +0.5 pp |
| Finland | 2023 | -2.9% | -3.0% | +0.1 pp |
| Finland | 2024 | -4.3% | -4.4% | +0.1 pp |
| Finland | 2025 | -3.9% | -3.8% | -0.1 pp |
| Germany | 2020 | -4.4% | -4.3% | -0.1 pp |
| Germany | 2023 | -2.5% | -2.2% | -0.3 pp |
| Germany | 2025 | -2.7% | -2.9% | +0.2 pp |
| Greece | 2021 | -7.2% | -7.3% | +0.1 pp |
| Greece | 2022 | -2.6% | -2.7% | +0.1 pp |
| Greece | 2023 | -1.4% | -1.5% | +0.1 pp |
| Greece | 2024 | +1.3% | +1.4% | -0.1 pp |
| Greece | 2025 | +1.7% | +2.0% | -0.3 pp |
| Ireland | 2022 | +1.7% | +1.6% | +0.1 pp |
| Ireland | 2024 | +4.1% | +4.2% | -0.1 pp |
| Latvia | 2016 | 0.0% | +0.1% | -0.1 pp |
| Latvia | 2018 | -1.4% | -1.3% | -0.1 pp |
| Latvia | 2020 | -4.1% | -4.0% | -0.1 pp |
| Latvia | 2022 | -4.9% | -4.8% | -0.1 pp |
| Latvia | 2023 | -2.3% | -2.2% | -0.1 pp |
| Lithuania | 2020 | -6.4% | -6.3% | -0.1 pp |
| Lithuania | 2022 | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.2 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2015 | +1.3% | +1.2% | +0.1 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2016 | +1.9% | +1.8% | +0.1 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2017 | +1.4% | +1.5% | -0.1 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2019 | +2.7% | +2.8% | -0.1 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2020 | -3.1% | -3.0% | -0.1 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2021 | +1.1% | +1.5% | -0.4 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2022 | +0.2% | +0.3% | -0.1 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2024 | +0.9% | +0.6% | +0.3 pp |
| Luxembourg | 2025 | -2.0% | -1.8% | -0.2 pp |
| Malta | 2024 | -3.4% | -3.5% | +0.1 pp |
| Malta | 2025 | -2.2% | -2.1% | -0.1 pp |
| Poland | 2025 | -7.3% | -7.2% | -0.1 pp |
| Portugal | 2024 | +0.6% | +0.7% | -0.1 pp |
| Romania | 2024 | -9.3% | -9.2% | -0.1 pp |
| Romania | 2025 | -7.9% | -7.8% | -0.1 pp |
| Slovakia | 2024 | -5.3% | -5.4% | +0.1 pp |
| Slovakia | 2025 | -4.5% | -4.4% | -0.1 pp |
| Slovenia | 2024 | -0.9% | -0.8% | -0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2015 | -0.3% | -0.4% | +0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2018 | +0.7% | +0.6% | +0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2020 | -3.2% | -3.3% | +0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2023 | -0.9% | -1.0% | +0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2025 | -1.4% | -1.6% | +0.2 pp |
Put the figures in context
- Debt growth →
Separate changes in euros from changes in the debt-to-GDP ratio.
- Debt relative to GDP →
Compare the debt stock with the size of each economy.
Related analysis
Analysis of the Q2 2026 debt release. The comparison pages retain their own reporting periods and source versions.