Useful for comparison
It relates a debt stock to the size of the economy supporting public revenue and repayment capacity.
EU-27 · Official Eurostat comparison
EU countries by debt-to-GDP ratio.
Compare government debt with the size of each economy. This official 2026 Q1 ranking covers all 27 EU countries on one consistent Eurostat measure.
View the full ranking Official data first · modelled estimates optional
01 — Official ranking
EU debt-to-GDP ranking by country
Greece has the EU’s highest official ratio in 2026 Q1; Estonia has the lowest. The shared scale shows the distance from the 60% treaty reference without turning it into a pass-or-fail verdict.
Official observationsComparable Eurostat ratios for all EU-27 countries, 2026 Q1.
- #1GreeceGovernment debt €360.11bn143.5%Open
- #2ItalyGovernment debt €3.16tn138.9%Open
- #3FranceGovernment debt €3.54tn117.6%Open
- #4BelgiumGovernment debt €706.58bn109.1%Open
- #5SpainGovernment debt €1.74tn101.6%Open
- #6PortugalGovernment debt €283.11bn91.0%Open
- #7FinlandGovernment debt €255.14bn89.7%Open
- #8AustriaGovernment debt €431.41bn83.3%Open
- #9HungaryGovernment debt €179.20bn77.7%Open
- #10SloveniaGovernment debt €46.31bn64.8%Open
- #11GermanyGovernment debt €2.90tn64.4%Open
- #12SlovakiaGovernment debt €86.80bn62.5%Open
- #13PolandGovernment debt €569.89bn61.6%Open
- #14RomaniaGovernment debt €229.43bn60.1%Open
- #15CroatiaGovernment debt €55.22bn58.4%Open
- #16CyprusGovernment debt €20.09bn54.6%Open
- #17LatviaGovernment debt €20.44bn46.9%Open
- #18MaltaGovernment debt €11.46bn45.9%Open
- #19CzechiaGovernment debt €156.15bn44.1%Open
- #20NetherlandsGovernment debt €517.38bn43.8%Open
- #21LithuaniaGovernment debt €36.26bn42.3%Open
- #22IrelandGovernment debt €215.41bn37.0%Open
- #23SwedenGovernment debt €213.93bn34.9%Open
- #24LuxembourgGovernment debt €26.40bn29.2%Open
- #25BulgariaGovernment debt €34.23bn28.5%Open
- #26DenmarkGovernment debt €112.46bn26.8%Open
- #27EstoniaGovernment debt €10.65bn25.2%Open
02 — Read the ratio correctly
What debt-to-GDP tells you—and what it doesn’t.
A raw debt total makes large economies look more indebted simply because they are larger. Debt-to-GDP puts the debt stock beside one year of economic output, creating a useful common scale.
Government debtAnnual GDP× 100 = debt-to-GDP ratioEurostat uses the Maastricht definition of consolidated general government gross debt.
Direction still matters
A country at 70% and falling can face a different path from one at 70% and rising quickly.
Not a risk score
Interest costs, maturity, growth, currency, deficits and investor confidence also shape sustainability.
03 — European context
The 60% line is a reference value, not a safety certificate.
The EU treaty framework uses 60% of GDP as a reference for government debt. It helps organise fiscal surveillance, but does not mean that every country below 60% is automatically safe or every country above it is in crisis.
Read how the EU fiscal rules work- Below 60%
- 13 EU countries in 2026 Q1
- 60–90%
- 8 EU countries in 2026 Q1
- Above 90%
- 6 EU countries in 2026 Q1
04 — Source and method
Official first. Estimates clearly separated.
The default ranking uses Eurostat’s published quarterly percentage-of-GDP observations. The optional live view extends only the latest debt trend and keeps the official GDP basis fixed; it is a model, not a new Eurostat observation.