Data provenance · Calculation · Limitations
Public finances: sources and methodology.
Trace European government debt, budget balances, interest, spending and revenue back to Eurostat. Official observations, EU Debt Map calculations and live estimates are clearly separated.
- Quarterly debt source
- Eurostat gov_10q_ggdebt
- Coverage
- EU-27 27/27 in the shared period
- Debt reference period
- 2026-Q1 Official quarter-end stock
- Debt snapshot fetched
- 31 Jul 2026 Stored, validated snapshot
Sources and calculations for every fiscal indicator
Reporting periods describe the statistics. Access dates describe the snapshots used by this website. Neither is a live measurement.
Registry reviewed:
- Official Eurostat data
- EU Debt Map calculation
- Modelled / live estimate
Coverage: EU27; GR is requested as EL. S13 means general government; Q = quarterly, A = annual. Annual flows and quarter-end debt stocks retain their own periods. Missing observations stay missing; provisional/estimated values and breaks keep their source flags. Revisions can change past figures.
Government debt (€)Official Eurostat data2026-Q1
Transformation / calculation
MIO_EUR × 1,000,000. Consolidated gross Maastricht debt, a stock at quarter-end.
Source inputs
Quarterly overview and counter
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Not recorded in this snapshot
Extended history and country dashboard
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates debt and ratio snapshots separately. A missing country may retain its last-known-good observation with its original period. A shared EU quarter requires complete coverage.
Full methodology →Government debt / GDP (%)Official Eurostat data2026-Q1
Transformation / calculation
Published PC_GDP series; displayed independently of the euro debt stock.
Source inputs
Quarterly overview and counter
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
- Not recorded in this snapshot
Extended history and country dashboard
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates debt and ratio snapshots separately. A missing country may retain its last-known-good observation with its original period. A shared EU quarter requires complete coverage.
Full methodology →Year-end debt / GDP (%)Official Eurostat data2025
Transformation / calculation
Published annual GD / GDP from the EDP table. Use the same calendar year for comparisons with annual budget balances.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Budget deficit / surplus (%)Official Eurostat data2025
Transformation / calculation
Published annual B9 / GDP. Positive is surplus; negative is deficit. −3% is the EU reference value.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=B9 · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Debt per resident (€)EU Debt Map calculation2025-12-31 / 2026-01-01
Transformation / calculation
Year-end debt in euros / population on 1 January of the following year. A comparison, not a personal debt liability.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025-12-31 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-01-01 · A · persons
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · indic_de=JAN- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Debt growth (€ / % / pp)EU Debt Map calculation2016-Q1 → 2026-Q1
Transformation / calculation
Debt end − start; divide by positive starting debt for percentage growth. Debt/GDP end − start is a percentage-point change. Exact 1/5/10-year endpoints; no substitution across gaps or flagged breaks.
Source inputs
Extended history and country dashboard
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
Extended history and country dashboard
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Interest expenditure (€ / % GDP)Official Eurostat data2025
Transformation / calculation
Published D41PAY, converted from million euros where needed. Annual accrued government interest, not the average bond interest rate.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=D41PAY · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=D41PAY · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Interest per resident (€)EU Debt Map calculation2025
Transformation / calculation
Annual interest in euros / average population (AVG) in the same year. This denominator differs from the JAN population used for debt per resident.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=D41PAY · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · persons
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · indic_de=AVG- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Interest / government revenue (%)EU Debt Map calculation2025
Transformation / calculation
Annual D41PAY / TR × 100, using matching annual government accounts.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=D41PAY · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Government expenditure (€ / % GDP)Official Eurostat data2025
Transformation / calculation
Published TE in MIO_EUR and PC_GDP; euro display multiplies million euros by 1,000,000.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TE · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TE · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Government revenue (€ / % GDP)Official Eurostat data2025
Transformation / calculation
Published TR in MIO_EUR and PC_GDP; euro display multiplies million euros by 1,000,000.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Balance in the annual accounts (€ / % GDP)Official Eurostat data2025
Transformation / calculation
Published B9 in gov_10a_main. Revenue − expenditure is validated within rounding tolerance; EDP balance remains separately sourced.
Source inputs
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=B9 · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2025 · A · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=B9 · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
Update logic
A controlled API refresh validates the selected source bundle before publishing local snapshots. Normal builds and visits do not fetch fresh Eurostat data. Derived values are recalculated from the saved inputs.
Full methodology →Modelled government debt (€)Modelled / live estimate2026-Q1
Transformation / calculation
Country estimate = latest debt + capped quarterly pace × seconds since the date-only UTC anchor. The pace is bounded at ±€50,000/s and stale-country guards apply. See the live-display limitation in this registry.
Source inputs
Quarterly overview and counter
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Not recorded in this snapshot
Update logic
The official inputs change only after a validated data refresh. The display evaluates the existing model in the browser; annual fiscal figures are never converted into live estimates.
Full methodology →Modelled debt / GDP (%)Modelled / live estimate2026-Q1
Transformation / calculation
Official ratio × modelled debt / official debt. Requires matching debt/ratio periods; implied GDP is held fixed. A fallback derived from GDP is a calculation, not a Eurostat ratio observation.
Source inputs
Quarterly overview and counter
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · MIO_EUR
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR- Accessed
- Source updated
- Not recorded in this snapshot
Quarterly overview and counter
- Reporting period / model anchor
- 2026-Q1 · Q · PC_GDP
- Eurostat filters
freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP- Accessed
- Source updated
- Not recorded in this snapshot
Update logic
The official inputs change only after a validated data refresh. The display evaluates the existing model in the browser; annual fiscal figures are never converted into live estimates.
Full methodology →EU debt per resident uses total national debt / total population. EU interest/revenue uses total national interest / total national revenue. Published EU27 aggregates are used where the page identifies them. These are not simple country averages. Ranks and changes use each indicator’s documented precision and comparison rules.
EDP balance and the annual government accounts can have different source update dates. Both source values remain visible; no revision cause is assumed. Annual balance is not a mechanical explanation of the change in the debt stock.
Current live-display limitation: country counters extrapolate from the official reference date, while the homepage EU counter starts from the official total when the page loads. Reloading resets that homepage start; reduced-motion mode shows its official anchor. Do not interpret this homepage counter as the sum of today’s country estimates. The official maps and fiscal indicators are unaffected.
Source: Eurostat, datasets listed below. Visualisation and calculations by EU Debt Map. Eurostat does not endorse this independent website.
01 — The short answer
One official number. One clearly labelled model.
The debt stock and debt-to-GDP ratio come from Eurostat. The live counter does not. EU Debt Map extends the change between the two latest official quarters at a constant pace so the scale and direction remain visible between releases.
Official observation
Published by Eurostat
2026-Q1A dated quarterly stock of consolidated general government gross debt, plus Eurostat’s official percentage-of-GDP series.Modelled estimate
Calculated by EU Debt Map
+€8,204/sA linear continuation of the latest observed quarterly movement. It is an educational display—not an official statistic or forecast.02 — What is being measured
The debt measure is narrower—and more precise—than ‘everything a government owes’.
EU Debt Map uses Maastricht debt: consolidated gross debt at nominal value for the general government sector at the end of each quarter.
Included in Maastricht debt
General government means
- Central government
- State government where applicable
- Local government
- Social security funds
Do not read it as
- Net debt after subtracting government assets
- A complete measure of future pensions or other contingent obligations
- The budget deficit, which is a flow rather than a stock
- A real-time government accounting balance
03 — Source to screen
A reproducible chain, with no live API dependency during normal builds.
The source is remote; the production experience is deliberately stable. New observations are fetched in a controlled update, validated, and written to local snapshots before a deployment can use them.
- 01
Fetch
Request gov_10q_ggdebt for all EU-27 countries in MIO_EUR and PC_GDP.
- 02
Normalize
Map Eurostat’s EL code to GR and convert million-euro values into euros.
- 03
Validate
Reject missing countries, invalid periods and values that disagree with the stored history.
- 04
Preserve
If a country is absent from a valid update, retain its last-known-good official observation.
- 05
Publish
Advance the shared EU-27 period only after all 27 countries are available for that quarter.
Current validated snapshot
- Debt data fetched
- 31 Jul 2026
- Ratio data fetched
- 31 Jul 2026
- Shared-period coverage
- 27/27
- Reference period
- 2026-Q1
04 — The model
The counter converts one quarterly change into a constant per-second pace.
No growth, interest-rate or policy assumption is added. The model only spreads the most recent observed change across time and continues that pace after the latest quarter-end.
Worked example · current German snapshot
2025-Q4 → 2026-Q1- Previous official debt
- €2.84tn
- Latest official debt
- €2.90tn
- Quarterly movement
- +€63.80bn
- Time between anchors
- 90 days
- Modelled pace
- +€8,204/s
How the live debt-to-GDP estimate works
64.4%
Eurostat’s published ratio is the official starting point. The optional live view scales that ratio by the change in the modelled debt total while holding the implied GDP denominator constant.05 — Guardrails
The model is allowed to stop before it is allowed to mislead.
Quarterly data can be delayed, revised or incomplete. Conservative rules keep an unusual source response from becoming a runaway counter.
€50,000/s hard cap
Any calculated country pace is constrained between −€50,000 and +€50,000 per second.
Stale-country freeze
A country more than one shared quarter behind is still shown at its last official value, but its ticker is frozen.
Missing-history fallback
Without two usable observations, movement defaults to zero until a valid comparison exists.
Period consistency
Quarter labels are converted to UTC quarter-end dates before elapsed time is calculated.
Shared EU period
The EU-27 history advances only with complete 27-country coverage, preventing false total comparisons.
No silent substitution
Official debt and official ratios remain separate series. A country-page fallback derived from GDP, if needed, is a calculation rather than a published Eurostat ratio.
06 — Read the estimate responsibly
Precision on screen is not precision in the underlying economy.
The counter is useful for scale, direction and comparison. It cannot reveal what happened on a particular day or predict the next official observation.
Debt does not move smoothly
Governments issue, redeem and revalue debt in discrete transactions. A linear ticker is a visual model.
Euro values can include exchange-rate movement
For non-euro countries, Eurostat converts debt using the exchange rate at the last working day of the quarter.
Official histories can be revised
National authorities and Eurostat may revise earlier quarters after new information, corrections or methodological changes.
Gross debt is not fiscal health
Assets, interest costs, maturity, deficits, growth and currency structure also matter.
Country releases need not arrive together
A country can temporarily retain an older official quarter while newer shared data are incomplete.
The model is not advice
EU Debt Map is an independent educational visualization, not official reporting, forecasting or investment guidance.
07 — Freshness and corrections
Every displayed update should be traceable to a source date and a method version.
Eurostat normally publishes quarterly government debt after national reporting and validation. Revisions can also arrive between regular releases.
Official cadence
Quarterly; Member States transmit data within roughly three months after quarter-end.
Site refresh
A controlled data update, validation and deployment—not an automatic browser-side API request.
Corrections
A corrected official observation replaces the stored value after it passes the same validation checks.
Method record
Official annual data
Budget balance · Methodology
Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_edpt1. Visualisation and calculations by EU Debt Map. This independent website is not endorsed by Eurostat.
- Reporting year
- 2025 · % of GDP
- Eurostat updated
- Accessed
Annual (A) · General government (S13) · Balance (B9) / debt (GD) · % GDP (PC_GDP)
Balance covers the calendar year; debt is measured at year-end. Both ratios use the same reporting year.
EU Debt Map calculations
Annual change = this year’s balance minus the previous calendar year’s balance, in percentage points. Changes are unavailable across series breaks, different definitions or forecasts (b/d/f); provisional and estimated flags are retained. Rankings use published, rounded observations. No interpolation, forecasts or live estimates are used for these annual figures.
Highest surplus to largest deficit. Equal published balances share a rank (1, 2, 2, 4); searching does not change ranks. Changes are in percentage points (pp).
Methodology · Source
General government revenue minus expenditure, recorded on an accrual basis under ESA 2010. A positive balance is net lending (a surplus); a negative balance is net borrowing (a deficit). It covers central, regional and local government and social security funds.
Data is fetched during an explicit update, validated and stored locally. Builds and visits use that snapshot. The latest two years must contain all 27 countries and the official EU aggregate; otherwise the update is rejected. Eurostat can revise earlier observations.
Available annual periods: 2015–2025.
Letters beside a value are Eurostat observation flags: p = provisional, e = estimated, b = break in series. Other codes are retained as supplied; consult the source metadata. No flag means none was supplied, not a guarantee against revisions.
EU Debt Map calculation · official Eurostat inputs
Debt per capita · Methodology
Official inputs: Eurostat, gov_10dd_edpt1 and demo_gind. Visualisation and calculations: EU Debt Map. This independent website is not endorsed by Eurostat.
- Debt at year-end
- 31 December 2025
- Population on 1 January 2026
- 1 January 2026
- Debt and debt/GDP · Source updated
- gov_10dd_edpt1 · 22 April 2026
- Population · Source updated
- demo_gind · 21 July 2026
- Accessed
Calculation
Debt in millions of euros × 1,000,000 ÷ resident population. Display values are rounded only after division. Debt/GDP is Eurostat’s published ratio, not calculated from population.
Year-end debt is divided by the population on 1 January of the following year. Eurostat conventionally publishes the population at 31 December under that following January date. We use annual debt here, so a newer quarterly debt stock is not paired with an older population silently.
Sum of the 27 national debts ÷ sum of their populations. This is not Eurostat’s separately consolidated EU debt aggregate or a simple average of country results.
Population flags: p = provisional, e = estimated, ep = both. A country’s calculation inherits the uncertainty of its inputs. Other Eurostat codes are retained beside their source value. No code means none was supplied; revisions remain possible.
Methodology · Eurostat
We use demo_gind, indicator JAN (total population on 1 January, persons). Eurostat identifies this table as potentially more up to date than detailed age/sex tables. National population methods can differ; consult the source metadata.
An explicit update fetches and validates all 27 countries before replacing the local snapshot. Builds and visits use the saved data. Missing or zero population, forecasts, incompatible dates and regressed sources reject the update; no population is interpolated or substituted.
- API query: gov_10dd_edpt1 · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR
- API query: gov_10dd_edpt1 · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP
- API query: demo_gind · freq=A · indic_de=JAN
EU Debt Map calculations · official quarterly Eurostat inputs
Debt growth · Methodology
Source: Eurostat, gov_10q_ggdebt. Visualisation and calculations by EU Debt Map. Eurostat does not endorse this independent website.
- Eurostat
- gov_10q_ggdebt
- Comparison period
- 2016 Q1 → 2026 Q1
- Updated by Eurostat
- Accessed
Quarterly (Q), general government (S13), consolidated gross debt at nominal value (GD), million euros (MIO_EUR) and official percent of GDP (PC_GDP). Both series use the same reporting quarters and source vintage.
Euro change = end − start. Debt growth (%) = (end − start) / start × 100. Debt/GDP change (pp) = ending ratio − starting ratio. Endpoints are the same quarter exactly 1, 5 or 10 years apart; 10 years needs 41 quarterly observations.
Euro amounts are nominal, not inflation-adjusted. For non-euro countries, movements in the quarter-end exchange rate can change euro debt without the same change in national-currency debt. EU27 membership is held fixed across the historical comparison.
— = not comparable: an endpoint is missing, the series has a flagged break/definition difference, or the percentage base is zero. No nearby quarter is substituted.
Eurostat flags are retained: p = provisional, e = estimated, b = break, d = definition differs. Calculations inherit input uncertainty. Comparisons crossing b/d flags are withheld; forecasts are excluded. Other source codes remain visible; revisions are possible even without a flag.
Methodology · Eurostat
Explicit updates fetch and validate both series together, then replace one local snapshot. Builds and visits use saved data. The latest quarter must cover all 27 countries. Older gaps remain missing; a failed or regressed update preserves the previous snapshot. The existing EU five-year chart requires 21 complete, comparable debt observations for every country.
- API query · MIO_EUR · freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=MIO_EUR
- API query · PC_GDP · freq=Q · sector=S13 · na_item=GD · unit=PC_GDP
Official Eurostat annual data · calculations by EU Debt Map
Interest costs · Methodology
Source: Eurostat, gov_10a_main and demo_gind. Visualisation and calculations by EU Debt Map. Eurostat does not endorse this independent website.
- Eurostat
- gov_10a_main · demo_gind
- Historical coverage
- 2015–2025
- Updated by Eurostat · gov_10a_main
- Updated by Eurostat · demo_gind
- Accessed
Annual data (A), general government (S13), interest expenditure (D41PAY), in million euro (MIO_EUR) and the official percentage of GDP (PC_GDP). Government revenue is TR in the same annual accounts. S13 interest and revenue are consolidated within general government: do not add the subsectors together.
Interest is recorded on an accrual basis under ESA 2010: assigned to the year in which it accrues, whether or not cash is paid then. This is expenditure, not net interest after subtracting interest receipts. It excludes principal repayments and is not the complete cost of financing or a weighted average bond interest rate. ESA 2010 · 4.50
Euros = MIO_EUR × 1,000,000. Interest per resident = annual interest euros / Eurostat annual-average population (demo_gind, AVG) for the same year. Interest/revenue (%) = D41PAY / TR × 100 using the same unit, sector, year and accounts vintage. These two ratios are EU Debt Map calculations; interest/GDP is Eurostat’s published ratio.
Eurostat calculates average population from 1 January of the reporting year and the following year. This annual denominator differs from the year-end stock-date pairing on the debt-per-capita page. Per-resident interest is a comparison, not an individual bill.
Amounts are nominal, without inflation adjustment. Eurostat converts annual national-currency flows using annual-average exchange rates; euro-area historical figures may use fixed conversion rates. Exchange rates can affect comparisons in euros.
— means missing or not comparable. A missing year is never replaced by another year; percentages are not calculated from a zero base.
Source codes are retained: p = provisional, e = estimated, b = break in series, d = different definition. Calculations inherit source uncertainty. Changes crossing b/d flags are not shown; forecasts are excluded. Other supplied codes remain visible. Revisions are possible without a flag.
Methodology · Eurostat
Refreshes are explicit. Three accounts requests must share a reporting year and source vintage; population must cover the same year. Only a fully validated EU27 snapshot replaces the previous file. Builds use local data. Earlier historical gaps remain visible.
- Annual interest expenditure · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=D41PAY · unit=MIO_EUR
- Interest / GDP · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=D41PAY · unit=PC_GDP
- Government revenue · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=MIO_EUR
- Annual-average population · demo_gind · freq=A · indic_de=AVG
Official Eurostat annual data · calculations by EU Debt Map
Spending & revenue · Methodology
Source: Eurostat, gov_10a_main. Visualisation and comparisons by EU Debt Map. Eurostat does not endorse this independent website.
- Eurostat
- gov_10a_main
- Historical coverage
- 2015–2025
- Updated by Eurostat
- Accessed
Annual ESA 2010 accounts (A), general government (S13), total expenditure (TE), total revenue (TR), and net lending/net borrowing (B9), in MIO_EUR and PC_GDP. The S13 totals are consolidated within government; summing its subsectors would double-count some flows.
Revenue − expenditure = net lending (+) / net borrowing (−). The balance shown here is the published B9 from the same annual accounts, not a subtraction of rounded percentages.
Euro amounts = MIO_EUR × 1,000,000. GDP ratios are published Eurostat values. Changes compare exact calendar years; EU gaps subtract the same-year official EU ratio. Calculated differences inherit source flags and are rounded only for display.
The EU benchmark uses Eurostat’s published EU27 total and GDP ratios, not a simple average of country percentages. It is not the budget of the EU institutions.
Amounts are nominal, without inflation adjustment. Eurostat converts annual national-currency flows using annual-average exchange rates; euro-area historical figures may use fixed conversion rates. Exchange rates can affect comparisons in euros.
— means missing or not comparable. A missing year is never replaced by a nearby year; changes across marked breaks are withheld.
Source codes are retained: p = provisional, e = estimated, b = break in series, d = different definition. Calculations inherit source uncertainty. Changes crossing b/d flags are not shown; forecasts are excluded. Other supplied codes remain visible. Revisions are possible without a flag.
Methodology · Eurostat
Before publication, revenue minus expenditure is checked against B9, allowing at most €1.5 million or 0.15 percentage points for the three independently rounded inputs. Official EU monetary totals are checked against the country sums. Published figures are never altered to force agreement.
An explicit refresh retrieves all six series together, with matching reporting periods and source update times. Country and EU coverage, units, flags, identities and revision safeguards are validated before replacing the local data. Normal visits and builds do not fetch live statistics.
- Government expenditure · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TE · unit=MIO_EUR · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Expenditure / GDP · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TE · unit=PC_GDP · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Government revenue · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=MIO_EUR · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Revenue / GDP · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=TR · unit=PC_GDP · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Annual accounts balance · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=B9 · unit=MIO_EUR · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
- Balance / GDP · gov_10a_main · freq=A · sector=S13 · na_item=B9 · unit=PC_GDP · geo=EU27 + EU27_2020
Why can the deficit page show a different balance?
This page uses gov_10a_main annual accounts. The deficit page retains its separately dated gov_10dd_edpt1 EDP release. Eurostat notes that reporting times and GDP versions can differ. The entries below show the observed differences; they do not establish the reason for each country’s revision.
- Annual accounts · gov_10a_main · Updated by Eurostat
- 21 July 2026
- EDP · gov_10dd_edpt1 · Updated by Eurostat
- 22 April 2026
- Annual accounts · gov_10a_main · Accessed
- 6 September 2026
- EDP · gov_10dd_edpt1 · Accessed
- 5 September 2026
| Country | Reporting year | gov_10a_main (%) | gov_10dd_edpt1 (%) | Δ (pp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | 2025 | +3.0% | +2.9% | +0.1 pp |
| Finland | 2025 | -3.9% | -3.4% | -0.5 pp |
| Sweden | 2025 | -1.4% | -1.3% | -0.1 pp |
All observed historical differences
| Country | Reporting year | gov_10a_main (%) | gov_10dd_edpt1 (%) | Δ (pp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | 2023 | +3.5% | +3.4% | +0.1 pp |
| Denmark | 2024 | +4.2% | +4.5% | -0.3 pp |
| Denmark | 2025 | +3.0% | +2.9% | +0.1 pp |
| Finland | 2024 | -4.3% | -4.4% | +0.1 pp |
| Finland | 2025 | -3.9% | -3.4% | -0.5 pp |
| Ireland | 2020 | -4.9% | -5.0% | +0.1 pp |
| Ireland | 2021 | -1.2% | -1.3% | +0.1 pp |
| Ireland | 2022 | +1.7% | +1.6% | +0.1 pp |
| Ireland | 2023 | +1.5% | +1.4% | +0.1 pp |
| Netherlands | 2023 | -0.3% | -0.4% | +0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2024 | -1.6% | -1.5% | -0.1 pp |
| Sweden | 2025 | -1.4% | -1.3% | -0.1 pp |
08 — Audit the method
Original source, exact filters and a citation you can reuse.
The short explanation stays readable; the technical record remains one click away for researchers and developers.
Technical query and pseudocode+
GET /eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/gov_10q_ggdebt
?lang=EN&format=JSON&freq=Q§or=S13&na_item=GD
&unit=MIO_EUR&lastTimePeriod=20&geo=DE&geo=FR&geo=IT…rate_per_second =
clamp((latest_debt - previous_debt) / seconds_between_dates,
-50000,
+50000)
estimate_now = latest_debt + rate_per_second * seconds_since_latestSuggested citation
EU Debt Map (2026), ‘Methodology: Eurostat data and live government debt estimates’, based on Eurostat gov_10q_ggdebt. Accessed 30 August 2026.Use the original Eurostat source alongside EU Debt Map when reusing the figures.
Dataset reuse licence
EU Debt Map’s calculated datasets are licensed under CC BY 4.0. This applies only to the published datasets and derived values, not to website code, articles, images, logos or design. The underlying Eurostat data remain subject to Eurostat’s reuse conditions. Credit Eurostat and EU Debt Map, identify changes and calculations, and note that Eurostat is not responsible for the derived results.
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